No uterine no ovarian is male or female? Olympics in gender ethics distress-Olympic Games-IT information

Brazil Olympics, from South Africa's woman sprinter kasite·saimenya once again attracted the attention of everyone. Say again, because, since she was in 2009 at the World Youth Championships, and her outstanding performance, muscular appearance, she is always in "is a boy or a girl" challenge.

Defeat at the hands of her Russia player indignantly says, "look at her that way (see). "After the game, she did the IAAF drug tests and gender tests. Although the report did not formally announce the results only and caster semenya is a private communication by the Committee, but the Sydney Daily Telegraph claimed that gets inside of the informed party, saying she has no uterus or ovaries, testosterone levels are "normal" women three times. Since then, public opinion began to refer to her as "androgynous" (hermaphrodite) or "inter" (intersex), folk of humiliating more. The IAAF concluded that her testosterone levels are too high, reduce the need to take medicine to "normal" levels of women, talent and compete with other players. IAAF Chairman COE said: "we need to create a level playing field as much as possible. But would like to State is that she has every right to play, we should not demonize player, she's our daughter, our sister. ”

Olympic sex test history

Many people perhaps intuitively supported the Council's approach: it is unfair to the other contestants – she's just bring their own doping mechanism in the body, nature and artificial stimulants players what the difference? In trying to work out the it seems that fair "super class" ethical problems, let us first look at the Olympic Games in the history of gender detection. Caster semenya is not accidental, it is estimated that, in this field, there are "people" may have five to ten players – in other words, on the track "people" have a much higher percentage than in the general population. Poland women Sprint sitannisiluowa in 1932 and was the women's 100 meters Sprint gold, but when her 1980 was accidentally shot, autopsy results showed she had both male and female sexuality and XX and XY chromosomes. 2006 Doha Asian Games women's 800 meters silver medallist Sandra was found to have more than "normal" women's y chromosome number, which was canceled a medal (at the Asian track and field meet in 05, she adopted a gender test). Because of broken dreams of Olympic and enormous social pressure, she had tried to commit suicide.

▲ Mar Mart í í a Jos é Nez was a hurdler, and this is the one for her 1983 "women".

This is not what shock of new: from Shang century 60 generation began, games official on requirements female players do "gender check", players need nude in experts group before go to go to, for check whether has yin lip, breast, genital, women "due" of organ, had check of players can get a Zhang carry carry of "women proved" (Certificate of Femininity). Subsequently, the chromosome replaced the gynecological examination, women of all body with the y chromosome, even gender representation women reproductive system of women, who were all treated like women, would not be allowed as the female finalists. 2009 caster semenya's age, testosterone levels become more important factors in the index, but in controversial cases, chromosome tests and hormone check, genital examinations and secondary checks anytime, anywhere inside the luxury package that will be added to a gender test, because a test does not exist, you can determine the player's gender.

According to luobote·sabosiji, a Professor of Neuroscience at Stanford said, newborns in the chromosomes of sex and gender of any discrepancies between the probability of a staggering 1%, that is, larger than the probability of neonates with IQ above 140. Some people in the process of growing up, sex expression will gradually change from male to female or female to male, are likely to occur. As testosterone levels now considered authoritative, are equally wide of the mark: many women, testosterone level is higher than normal, but it had little impact because it is not sensitive to testosterone in the body. In short, sex chromosomes, gonads, hormones in gender, gender expression between these four indicators, is basically a mess, inconsistent a lot, take any one of these as a criterion to determine gender, will lead to greater inequities.

Gender: "control" variable

A lot of people may not be aware, the Olympic Games, in General, is a gender-segregated contest. In addition to some equestrian events not only with participants beyond gender separated, men and women the opportunity to compete only table tennis, Internet users and the Badminton mixed doubles. It is said that because the statistics on male and female physical differences, segregated by sex game, can remove the impact of gender factor, making the game fairer, and more entertaining. Academic language, gender is treated as a binary variable (dichotomous variable), the figure will only be two, male or female, control this variable, to more accurately convey the intention of athletics. In addition to gender in the vast majority of projects are outside the control of binary variables, weight-lifting, judo contest, contestants are grouped according to weight, in order to reduce the weight of this factor effect on the fairness of competition, only graded more, basically can be seen as a continuous variable.

Factors influencing the performance of tens of thousands, why only the gender and weight, are considered "control" variable and other factors, such as height, race, physical ability, handedness, but not be distinguished? In addition to some history and accidental factors, major ethical considerations, allegedly based on the factor born. Many people believe that sex is a natural, binary, either man or woman, when a baby just born, except for health or not, the first question is, "is a man or a woman? ”。 Even if time is difficult to determine, doctors would also like a burnt ass and parent communication, recommends surgery for children "choose" one sex seems sex is when dealing with objects closer to the human instinct of classification, not men, should women not. You may have heard that ximeng·Bo Simone de Beauvoir's "sex is a natural, gender is a construct" theory, but not necessarily know sex is equally complicated headache. As mentioned above, sex is far more complex than we think, more subtle, even if humans are not from the "ideal man" to "ideal women" evenly scattered on the real number line, discrete is certainly not what we imagine a Bernoulli distribution (also known as the 0-1 distribution). If we are so obsessed with "who" brings to the other players take part in the games is unfair, why don't we as Africans, Europeans, Asians have ethnic talent (athletics, swimming, table tennis), be separated? Like dash, is divided into the group, the European Group and the African Group, isn't it more fair for people of all races? The basketball competition, bring an obvious advantage in height, divided into 1.8-meter and 1.8-meter group, wouldn't it be more fair? One of the more obvious examples are in baseball: because baseball rules and features, everyone knows, lefty right-hander has a huge advantage over, among the general population, lefties about 10%, and baseball pitcher in this crowd, left-handed percentage as high as about 30%! Is also divided into left-handed and right-handed group, to ensure the game fair?

Is dedicated to fair is the fascination with the dichotomy between men and women

In fact, the Olympic Games is an elite sport, challenge the limits of the human body, instead of a social security system concerned by the fair. The concept of participation is important, beyond, and equity, by contrast, is a secondary consideration. It can be said that all Olympic athletes, are some kind of "talent", in other words, they are in the long tail of the normal distribution, and is one of the few, it is "normal", and it is this "abnormal" so that they can become an international "landscape". Even players belong to State support, player I's family wealth, and their results are closely related. Above normal testosterone levels, just as different from ordinary people's power, or height, sensitivity, the reason may be that they can come to the fore. When another "unfair" indicators are intentionally or unintentionally ignored, only the "sex" became the only fortress to defend, perhaps we should reflect on is our gender-paranoia, is the fascination with the dichotomy between men and women, and not the other.

Of course, for now, in curing the dichotomy of men and women under the framework of "men" than "female" has the advantage of muscular power: in biology has a special name, called "sexual dimorphism" that men and women have statistical differences in Physiology. However, sexual dimorphism is not absolute, but the result of evolution, human sexual dimorphism in primates are relatively inconspicuous, and human male is said to be raising parental input level: If we force higher testosterone levels women players taking the medication to a lower level, that we are artificially enhanced the sexual dimorphism, strengthening the performance gap between men and women. In this situation Xia, testosterone ketone level high of female players, or as "male" to participate in men game, or to to non-natural of surgery or drug treatment will himself transformation into meet social stereotypes of "women", forever also impossible to they natural get of talent to for women this groups won glory, women and male of "gender shaped", also will became increasingly obviously. According to famous gender theorist zhudi·batele of views, gender specification, subject (body) and said line sex, this three who Zhijian exists with reference, update and evolution of relationship, in Olympic such of elite sports in the, on more obviously: players was natural gives of body, must according to game set of two Yuan gender specification transformation himself, to "call" out body of that preset of "normal of I", expression out meet expects of chromosome/sexuality/endocrine level, to get corresponding of game qualification, and this "reference "And" evolution ", in turn nurtured and strengthened the binary gender norms. , For example, you will find, is gender norms, not testosterone, causing the fabricated ethical dilemma-a male player in this group, men with testosterone levels far exceed the ordinary players, why no one asks for their hormone levels down to "normal" to ensure men's game is fair? We are thinking what you want to do, or even see, are standard--like pigeons in the cage, eyes see only bar, but not infinitely larger than the bar area to the vast expanse of sky.

Olympiad, English Games title to national players, is one of the highest standards worldwide tournament, to our viewers, in addition to sitting in the front row outside eat melons, may also be seen as a game to challenge stereotypes of interesting ideas--maybe this is the sponsor of the Olympic Games Pierre de Coubertin, known as the "participation" of real meaning.

没子宫没卵巢是男是女？奥运陷性别伦理困境 - 奥运会 - IT资讯

巴西奥运上，来自南非的女子短跑选手卡斯特·塞门亚再次引起了大家的注意。说是再次，是因为，自从她在2009在世界青年锦标赛上崭露头角，她出色的比赛成绩，肌肉发达的外表，让她始终处于“是男还是女”的质疑之中。

败于她手的俄罗斯选手愤愤不平地说：“瞧瞧她那样子（就知道了）。”赛后，国际田联令她做了药检和性别检查。虽然报告结果并未正式公布，只由委员会私下和塞门亚进行了沟通，但悉尼每日电报声称获取了知情方的内部消息，称她没有子宫也没有卵巢，睾酮水平还是“正常”女性的三倍。从此，舆论开始称她为“雌雄同体”（hermaphrodite）或者“间性人”（intersex），民间的羞辱性言论更多。国际田联最终认为她体内的睾酮水平过高，需要服药降低到“正常”女性的水平，才能和其他选手同台竞技。国际田联主席塞巴斯蒂安·科是这么说的：“我们需要尽最大可能创造一个公平的竞技场。不过要声明的是，她完全有权参赛，我们不应妖魔化选手，她是我们的女儿，也是我们的姐妹。”

奥运会的性别检测史

很多人或许会在直觉上支持田联的做法：这对其他选手是不公平——她不过是体内自带兴奋剂生成机制，和服用人工兴奋剂的选手有什么本质区别？在尝试解出这道似乎有关公平的“超纲”伦理题时，让我们先大致回顾一下奥运会历史上的性别检测问题。塞门亚的情况绝非偶然，据估计，在本届田径场上，有“间性人”可能的选手有五位到十位——换言之，田径场上的“间性人”比例比普遍人群要高得多。波兰女子短跑选手斯坦尼斯洛娃，1932年获女子100米短跑金牌，可当她1980年被意外枪杀，解剖结果却显示，她同时拥有男女两性性征和XX和XY染色体。2006年多哈亚运，女子八百米银牌得主珊蒂被检测发现拥有超于“正常”女性的Y染色体数量，从而被取消了奖牌（可是在05年的亚洲田径赛上，她却通过了性别测试）。因为破碎的奥运之梦和巨大的社会压力，她曾试图自杀。

▲María JoséMartínez是一位跨栏选手，这是她1983年获得的一张“女性证明”。

这并非什么惊世骇俗的新鲜事：从上世纪六十年代开始，奥运会官方就要求女选手做“性别检查”，选手需要裸体在专家组面前走来走去，供检查是否拥有阴唇，乳房，生殖器等女性“应有”的器官，过检的选手可获得一张随身携带的“女性证明”（Certificate of Femininity）。随后，染色体检查取代了妇科检查，所有体内带有Y染色体的女性，哪怕性别表征是女性，生殖系统也是女性，从小就被所有人当作女性，也不被允许作为女性参赛。到了2009年塞门亚的时代，睾酮水平成为各项指标中比较重要的因素，但在有争议的情况下，染色体检查，荷尔蒙检查，生殖器检查和第二性征检查随时随地会被加入到性别测试的豪华套餐里面，因为并不存在一种测试，可以单纯判定出选手的性别。

据斯坦福神经科学教授罗伯特·萨波斯基称，新生儿中，染色体性别和性别表达不一致的概率达到了惊人的1%，也就是说，比该新生儿智商高于140的概率还要大。有些人在成长的过程中，性别表达还会逐渐发生改变，从男性变为女性或者从女性变为男性，都有可能发生。至于现在被视为权威的睾酮水平，也同样不靠谱：许多女性体内睾酮水平高于常人，但对其影响微乎其微，因其对体内的睾酮并不敏感。总之，染色体性别，性腺，激素性别，性别表达这四项指标之间，基本上是一团乱麻，互不一致的情况很多，取任何一项作为判定性别的标准，都会引起更大的不公平。

性别：“应该控制”的变量

很多人可能并没有意识到，奥运会，总体来说，是一场性别隔离的大赛。除了仅有的马术项目不以参赛者性别加以分隔之外，男女能有机会同台竞技的也只有乒乓球、网友和羽毛球等混双比赛。据说，因为男性和女性在体能上的统计性差异，按性别分开比赛，能去除性别因素带来的影响，使比赛更公平，也更有观赏性。用偏学术的语言来说，性别被视为一个二分变量（dichotomous variable），数值只有两个，男或者女，控制这个变量，能够更准确地传达竞技项目的本意。除了性别这个在绝大多数项目中都被控制的二分变量之外，在举重，柔道等比赛中，选手们按照体重加以分组，以减少体重这一因素对比赛公正性的影响，只是分级较多，基本上可以看作是一个连续变量了。

影响比赛成绩的原因千千万万，为什么偏偏只有性别和体重，被视为“应该控制”的变量，而其他因素，如身高、种族、体能、惯用手等，却没有被加以区分呢？除了一些历史的、偶然的因素，主要的伦理考虑，据称是基于该因素是否天生。很多人都认为，性别是天生的、二元的，不是男人就是女人，每一个新生儿刚出世时，除了健康与否，第一个问题就是“是男是女？”。哪怕一时之间难以判定，医生们也会像烧了屁股似的和家长沟通，建议通过手术为孩子“选择”一个性别，似乎性别是人类处理对象时接近于本能的归类法，不是男性就非得是女性不可。大家或许听说过西蒙·波伏娃的“生理性别是天生，社会性别是建构”的理论，却不一定知道生理性别也同样复杂得令人头疼。诚如上述所言，性别远比我们想象的更复杂，更精妙，哪怕人类不是在从“理想男性”到“理想女性”的实数轴上均匀散落，也绝不是我们所想象的离散的伯努利分布（又称0-1分布）。如果我们如此纠结于“间性人”参加女子比赛时给其他选手带来的不公平，我们为什么不按照非洲人，欧洲人，亚洲人各自具有的种族天赋（田径，游泳，乒乓）而加以分隔？比如短跑，分为亚洲组，欧洲组和非洲组，是不是对各个种族的人会更公平一些？比如篮球比赛，身高带来的优势十分明显，分成一米八以下组和一米八以上组，是不是会更公平一些？更明显的一个例子是在棒球比赛：因为棒球比赛的规则和特性，所有人都知道，左投手相比右投手有着巨大的优势，在一般人群中，左撇子大概占10%，而在棒球投手这个人群中，左撇子的比例却高达30%左右！是不是还要分成左撇子组和右撇子组，才能保证比赛的公平？

是对公平的执着还是对男女二分法的迷恋

事实上，奥运会是一种精英体育，挑战的是人类身体的极限，而非社会保障系统所关心的公平。参与、超越都是重要的概念，而公平，相对而言，是较为次要的考虑。可以说，所有的奥运会参赛选手，都是具有某种“天赋”的，换言之，他们都是正态分布中那些长尾，是少数，是非“正常”，而正是这种“非正常”，使得他们能够成为一种国际性的“景观”。甚至，选手所属的国家支持，选手本人的家庭财富，都和她们的比赛成绩息息相关。高于常人的睾酮水平，就像异于常人的爆发力，或者身高，灵敏度，都有可能是她们能脱颖而出的原因。当其他“不公平”的指标都被有意无意的忽略，只有“性别”成为严防死守的唯一堡垒，或许我们该反思的，是我们对性别问题的偏执，是对男女二分法的迷恋，而不是其他。

诚然，目前而言，在固化的男女二分法的框架下，“男性”的确要比“女性”在肌肉爆发力上有所优势：这在生物学上有个专门的称呼，叫做“两性异形”，即男性和女性有着生理上的统计性差别。然而，两性异形不是绝对，而是演化的结果，人类的两性异形在灵长类中相对较不明显，据说和人类男性抚育亲代的投入程度有关：如果我们强迫睾酮水平高的女性选手服药降到较低水平，那我们不过是人为地强化了两性异形，强化了男女比赛成绩的鸿沟罢了。在这种情况下，睾酮水平高的女选手，或者作为“男性”去参加男子比赛，或者要以非自然的手术或者药物治疗将自己改造成符合社会成见的“女性”，永远也不可能以她们自然获得的天赋才能为女性这个群体争得荣光，女性和男性的“两性异形”，也会变得越来越明显。按照著名性别理论家朱迪·巴特勒的观点，性别规范，主体（身体）和述行性，这三者之间存在着引用，更新和进化的关系，在奥林匹克这样的精英体育中，就更为明显：选手被自然赋予的身体，必须根据比赛设定的二元性别规范改造自己，来“召唤”出体内的那个预设的“正常的我”，表达出符合期望的染色体/性征/内分泌水平，从而得到相应的比赛资格，而这种“引用”和“进化”，也反过来哺育和强化了二元的性别规范。举个反例，大家就会发现，是性别规范，而不是睾酮水平，造成了这个捏造的伦理困境——在男性选手这个群体里，也有睾酮水平远超常人的男性选手，为什么没有人要求他们将荷尔蒙水平降到“正常范围”，来保证男性比赛的公平呢？我们的所思，所想，甚至所见，都是被规范的——就像笼中之鸽，眼前只看到铁条，却看不到比铁条面积大了无数倍的广袤天空。

奥林匹克竞赛，英文以Games冠之，对各国参赛选手来说，是一场标准最高的世界性赛事，对我们观众来说，除了坐在前排吃瓜之外，也不妨将之视为一场能挑战自我成见的有趣的思想游戏——或许，这才是奥林匹克运动会发起人顾拜旦所谓的“参与”之真意。