Found in Gansu province in Qing dynasty miniature | cheating or for candidates of the four books four books _ | | Matchbox Qing dynasty news
Lanzhou evening news (correspondent Zhang Xinhua niuxiaoyawen/map) Committee of cultural and historical data and study Committee in lintao County of dingxi city in a recent historical data collected in the process discovered a set of only two matchbox size, page smaller than ID cards aimed at stimulation of details of the four books. According to the preliminary determination, the book stones copies during the reign, have been there for hundreds of years from now.
Hundred years before clear mini book Word by Word
This set of books with useful protection box made of cardboard and dark blue denim, front-left corner of the box paste red paper, a letter to simplify the title – "four books increase notes". Box with bindings in two volumes, its only 6.5 cm long, 4.5 cm wide and 2 cm thick (a 0.9 cm thick, a 1.1 cm thick). Two book book of cover suspected for original master with Kraft mounted system, first book of title page positive printed has title preached prepared aims increased note details under, a book content is "Analects", and "University", and "doctrine", another a book is "Mencius", and "Hsiang-summary", and "points months try post", and "Pro text tips", and "looked up words",.
According to the preliminary determination, the book stones copies during the reign, have been there for hundreds of years from now. Book paper is a thin rice paper, 152 pages text, all for the Song typeface, the largest square less than two millimeters, with a minimum of only 1.2 mm square, small side nearly thousands of words are printed on paper, and words are relatively clear, with the naked eye can see.
Reporter noted that the books in the face of the Analects, Mencius, the doctrine of every word, and four books of the University have made specific comments. Among them, the larger font when reference texts, the font of the annotation is relatively small. For example, reporting in the book "stars of the games" will have a smaller font underneath the comment "lucky see, difficult to judge" ... ...
According to the owner of this set of books, now 76 years old, retired cadre Wang Lingzhang in lintao County introduction, the book collection has an easy. Of this book was to his grandfather to his father, and later father kicked him. The "cultural revolution" were fully destroyed homes when the Tibetan ancient books, but this book because of its very small omission from difficult and was saved.
Miniature books originally in ancient books
Committee of cultural and historical data and study Committee in lintao County Director Zhang Xiaodong said, his access to the historical documents, confirm that this book is known in ancient versions of our country less than unique, stone printed was published chaoguangxu during the Qing dynasty, a very private tools designed for candidates to cheat in ancient times is considered to be a banned book. At present, found seven or eight kinds of cheating of this kind, the most valuable books were hidden in the Nanjing Jiangnan blot out the Pocket Edition of the Pentateuch, its length 7.5 cm, width 5 cm, 540 words per page, 30 pages, and contains 16,000 words. Lintao found the four books aimed at stimulation of detailed Examination School of Nanjing "Pocket Books" page size and text are smaller, page 5 times more times up to 8 times the number of words, to enrich the content.
This micro-the earliest known by ancient people classified as "napkin boxes" as well. So-called tissue box, an ancient scholar hood small box. Napkin boxes turned into cheating, it has distinct historical background. Ming and Qing era, beyond dynasties the imperial examinations, and became the Imperial Court important approach to selecting talent.
To this end, scholars were willing to take all means to seek scientific expedition and part. Cheating has naturally become one of the few candidates means, towel bins were candidates this time hidden in the sleeve for cheating. Although the Qing court the means to take more stringent checks found cheating case to take harsh treatment, but these guys are not the precipice, imperial examination fraud renders a growing trend. Due to the disposal of a strict, handed down to such small versions of the books are rare, historical and research value.
(Edit: SN077)
December 05, 2013 Lanzhou evening news
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甘肃发现清代微型《四书》 或用于考生作弊|四书|火柴盒|清代_新闻资讯
兰州晚报讯(通讯员张晓东记者牛小亚文/图)定西市临洮县政协文史资料和学习委员会在近日开展文史资料征集过程中，发现了一套只有两个火柴盒大小、页面比身份证还要小的《四书备旨增注详解》。据初步判定，该书为光绪年间的石印本，距今已有百余年。
百年前微型书字字清晰
这套书配有用硬纸板和深蓝色粗布做成的保护匣，匣的正面左上角粘贴有红色纸条，上书简化的书名——“四书增注解”。匣内装有线装书两册，其边长仅为6.5厘米，宽4.5厘米，厚2厘米(一本厚0.9厘米，一本厚1.1厘米)。两册书的封面疑为原主人用牛皮纸裱制，第一册的扉页正面印有书名《四书备旨增注详解》，一册内容是“论语”、“大学”、“中庸”，另一册是“孟子”、“乡党摘要”、“分月试帖”、“临文要诀”、“抬头字样”等。
据初步判定，该书为光绪年间的石印本，距今已有百余年。全书纸张是很薄的宣纸，正文152页，全部为宋体字，最大的字不到两毫米见方，最小的只有1.2毫米见方，小小的一面纸上竟然印有近千字，而且字字都比较清晰，用肉眼就可以看清。
记者注意到，该书籍里面对《论语》、《孟子》、《中庸》、《大学》四书的每一句话都做了详细的注释。其中，引用典籍时字体较大，注释的字体相对较小。比如，书中转述“星辰之运也”，底下便有字体较小的注释“运见其，难察竟”……
据这套书的主人，现年76岁的临洮县退休干部王令璋先生介绍，这套书珍藏至今实属不易。这套书是他爷爷传给他父亲的，后来父亲又传给了他。“文革”时家中所藏古书悉数被毁，但这套书因其很小被遗漏而幸免于难，并被保存至今。
微型书原为古代禁书
临洮县政协文史资料和学习委员会主任张晓东说，经他查阅有关史料，确认此书是目前我国已知古籍中版本较独特、字体较小的石印本，是清朝光绪年间出版，很隐秘地专供当时考生作弊的工具书，在古代实属禁书。目前，国内发现的这类作弊本有七八种，其中较珍贵的一册是现藏于南京江南贡院的《五经全注》袖珍本，其长7.5厘米、宽5厘米，每页540字，共30页，全书1.6万字。临洮发现的《四书备旨增注详解》比南京江南贡院的“袖珍书”页面尺寸和文字都更小，页数多5倍，字数多达8倍，内容更丰富。
这种微型本最早被古代人划分为“巾箱本”之列。所谓巾箱，是古代书生放头巾的小箱子。巾箱本演变成作弊书，则有着鲜明的时代背景。明、清时代，科举超越历朝历代，成为朝廷选拔人才的重要途径。
为此，书生们不惜采取一切手段，以谋求科考及第。考试作弊自然而然成为少数应试者采用的手段之一，巾箱本当时就被考生藏在袖子里用于作弊。虽然清廷采取愈来愈严厉的手段进行检查，对发现的作弊案采取严苛的处理，但这些人却未悬崖勒马，科场舞弊呈现愈演愈烈之势。由于处置严格，这类小版本的图书能够流传下来的并不多见，具有历史研究的价值。
（编辑：SN077）
2013年12月05日14:26
兰州晚报
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