Study results show air or threaten water resources in China | | | air pollution of water resources of natural gas _ news, October 30, 2013, (editors: SN091)
"Haze" became a discuss the hot topics of China abroad.
Of course, China's air pollution has been more and more official attention.
State Council issued a plan of action for the control of air pollution (atmosphere, "ten") has developed detailed plans and measures, is supposed to speed up China's road to treatment of haze.
However, the ambitious plans of action in some of these measures might cause unexpected results.
Recently, the world's leading think-tank the World Resources Institute (WRI) released the results of a study show that "ten" in the plan of action of coal-gas (SNG) development plan would be likely to lead to further shortages of water resources under threat.
"Coal-gas may be able to increase the supply of natural gas, but the environmental impact of the project site, including the pressure on water resources and greenhouse gas emissions," World Resources Institute water project for human and ecological project researcher Wen Hua told reporters.
World Resources Institute is a think-tank on global environment and development, and its research activities dedicated to the study of environmental and socio-economic development, world environmental think tank top, with Chinese officials, as well as academic institutions to maintain a close partnership.
Coal gas mitigation of air pollution
Challenges face serious air pollution, the worst-hit areas Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei provinces have announced plans to phase out coal-fired power, switch to clean energy and natural gas.
But in fact, China's natural gas resources are not abundant. Gas resources per capita is only about 7% of the average world level, to import large quantities of natural gas each year, facing "gas shortage".
On October 22, a report entitled the age of China's natural gas: energy innovation and transformation of the development report released in Beijing, which says China will lead the world's future gas demand growth.
If natural gas in primary energy consumption as a percentage of the total growth per cent in 2012 per cent in 2025, which lead to reduced coal consumption can save 5 trillion yuan during the 13 years of environmental costs.
Therefore, in order to meet the demand for natural gas on the one hand, on the other hand needs to be governed by air pollution, atmospheric "ten" to refer to "developing coal gas development plan, to meet the most stringent environmental requirements and under the prerequisite of securing water supplies, faster pace of industrialization of coal gas and scale."
By September 2013, was approved by the Chinese Government in 18 large coal and natural gas (SNG), transforming 75.1 billion cubic meters of natural gas a year.
It is understood that these 18 SNG plants are mainly located in the Western region, 7 of which are located in Inner Mongolia, 9 in Xinjiang, 1 is located in Shanxi, 1 is located in Liaoning.
However, the development of coal gas or another environmental challenges facing China.
Water-related
"Water resources of the West face the most stressful. Development of this sector will be compounded by the impact on the local water risks ", the seminar also said.
It is understood that coal gas is a very intensive process of water, 1 ton of coal gas to 6 tons of water consumption, the production of shale gas water 50~100 times.
Therefore, attempts to use such methods to control air pollution in cities in the East, could jeopardize water supplies in other areas.
According to the information provided by the World Resources Institute shows that coal-gas cooling, production and purification process can not be separated from the water. Most of China's planned new coal and gas stations are located in the arid or semi-arid regions, in the case of full capacity production consumes about 500 million to 700 million cubic meters of fresh water a year, accounting for 2011 20% of the total amount of industrial water use in the region.
These projects will be much worse in those areas facing water shortages for a long time.
In Beijing, for example, according to a memorandum of understanding signed with the Inner Mongolia Government, Beijing will become China's first city powered by SNG.
The study shows that this means Beijing receives at least 4 billion cubic meters of fuel per year, and this will consume more than 32 billion litres of fresh water, this is adequate to meet the demand of 1 million people throughout the year in Inner Mongolia.
Weighing costs
In addition, the October 2013, Duke University researchers in the academic journal articles published in the journal energy policy pointed out that coal gasification project life cycle 36%-cent higher carbon dioxide emissions than coal-fired.
Center for energy economic research at Xiamen University, said Lin boqiang, Director of the reporter, the Chinese Government should carefully weigh the effect of coal-gas to combat air pollution and the cost of water resources and climate change.
Because of the risk of water resources will affect coal-gas production, the new project will exacerbate water shortages in water stress areas, energy and environmental sectors must work together and water sector, joint decisions, will cover for water resources protection in energy planning.
Wen Hua believes that, in order to ensure a sustainable future, China should give priority to developing environmentally risky energy projects, particularly water and greenhouse gas emissions, less risky projects.
A relevant official told this newspaper that the NDRC, coal gasification technology on water consumption, ten files are limited and will not use the other to develop ecological deterioration. "Carbon dioxide emissions, we also pay attention to this issue, our idea is to use carbon sequestration, but now technology has yet to be improved. ”
21st century business Herald
(研究结果显示我国治理空气或威胁水资源|天然气|水资源|空气污染_新闻资讯
2013年10月30日02:53
（编辑：SN091）
“雾霾”成为一个国外讨论中国的热门话题。
当然，中国的空气污染也已经越来越受到官方重视。
国务院发布《大气污染防治行动计划》(大气“国十条”)制定了详细的计划与措施，被认为会加快中国的治霾之路。
不过，这样雄心勃勃的行动计划中的一些措施或许会造成意想不到的结果。
近日，全球著名的智库世界资源研究所(WRI)发表的一份研究结果显示，“国十条”行动计划中的煤制天然气(SNG)的发展规划将有可能使得短缺的水资源进一步受到威胁。
“煤制天然气或许能够增加天然气供应，但是对项目所在地的环境影响，包括水资源压力和温室气体排放，都会比较大”，世界资源研究所水项目人类与生态项目研究员温华对本报记者表示。
世界资源研究所是一个全球性环境与发展智库，其研究活动致力于研究环境与社会经济的共同发展，位列世界环境类智库榜首，与中国官方以及学术机构保持着紧密的合作伙伴关系。
煤制气缓解空气污染
面对严峻的空气污染挑战，重灾区北京、天津、河北等省市纷纷宣布要淘汰燃煤发电，改用清洁能源天然气。
但是事实上，我国天然气资源并不丰富。人均天然气资源量仅为世界平均水平的7%，每年需进口大量天然气，面临着“气荒”。
10月22日，一份名为《中国的天然气时代：能源发展的创新与变革》的报告在北京发布，其研究表示中国将引领全球未来的天然气需求增长。
如果天然气在一次能源消费总量中所占的比例从2012年的4%增长到2025年的8%，由此导致的煤炭消费减少可以在13年内节约5万亿元人民币的环境成本。
因此，一方面为了满足天然气的需求，另一方面空气污染亟待治理，因此在大气“国十条”中提及“制定煤制天然气发展规划，在满足最严格的环保要求和保障水资源供应的前提下，加快煤制天然气产业化和规模化步伐”。
截至2013年9月，中国政府批准了18个大型煤制天然气(SNG)厂，每年可转化天然气751亿立方米。
据了解，这18个SNG厂主要位于西部地区，其中7个位于内蒙古，9个位于新疆，1个位于山西，1个位于辽宁。
但是，发展煤制气或让中国面临另外一个环境挑战。
与水有关
“西部面临的水资源压力最大。发展此行业会对局部的水风险造成雪上加霜的影响”，温华表示。
据了解，煤制天然气是一个非常密集的用水过程，1吨煤制天然气要消耗6吨水，是生产页岩气耗水量的50~100倍。
因此，企图利用此种方法去控制东部城市空气污染，可能会危及其他地区的供水。
根据世界资源研究所提供的资料显示，煤制天然气在冷却、生产及净化过程都离不开水。中国大部分计划新建煤制天然气站都地处干旱或半干旱地区，在满负荷生产的情况下每年大约要消耗5亿至7亿立方米淡水，几乎占2011年该地区工业用水总量的20%。
这些项目将严重加剧这些地区长期面临的缺水问题。
以北京为例，根据一份与内蒙古政府签署的备忘录，北京将成为中国由SNG供电第一城市。
上述研究显示，这意味着北京每年至少接收40亿立方米的燃料，而这将消耗超过320亿升淡水，这个量足以满足100万内蒙古人整个年度的用水需求。
权衡成本
另外，2013年10月，杜克大学研究员在学术期刊《能源政策》杂志上发表的文章指出，煤制气的项目生命周期的二氧化碳排放量比燃煤高出36%－108%。
厦门大学能源经济研究中心主任林伯强对本报记者表示，中国政府应该仔细权衡煤制天然气对防治大气污染的作用及其带来的水资源和气候变化成本。
由于水资源风险会影响煤制天然气的生产，新建项目又会加剧水资源压力较大地区的缺水局面，能源、环境部门必须和水利部门通力合作，共同决策，将水资源保护涵盖在能源规划之中。
温华认为，为了确保未来的可持续发展，中国应优先发展环境风险较低的能源项目，特别是水资源和温室气体排放风险较少的项目。
国家发改委一位相关官员对本报表示，煤制气技术对水的消耗，国十条文件中有限定，不会以其他生态恶化来发展。“二氧化碳的排放，我们也注意到这一问题，我们想法是用碳封存，但目前技术还尚待改进。”
21世纪经济报道
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